Overview Random Unitary Beamforming (RUB) is a beamforming technique that was originally developed for Multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) wireless systems. In Free-space optical (FSO) ...

Overview Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) was founded in 1972, the same year they took owenership of Esrange Space Center. Within two years they launched their first high altitude balloon. By 2000, SSC ...

Overview Self-defocusing in free-space optics (FSO) describes the divergence of a laser beam beyond that predicted by diffraction. It commonly results from thermal blooming—absorption of beam energy b ...

Self-Focusing in Free Space Optics and Nonlinear Media Self-focusing is a nonlinear optical phenomenon where a beam of light propagating through a medium induces a refractive index change that causes ...

Rayleigh Length Summary Rayleigh length is a fundamental concept in optics that describes how far a collimated beam, typically a Gaussian beam, remains tightly focused before beginning to diverge ...

Quantum noise refers to the fundamental limits of signal precision that arise from the laws of quantum physics. Unlike classical noise—which comes from external sources like heat, interference, or i ...

What Is Raman Scattering? Raman scattering is a physical process that occurs when light interacts with molecules and causes them to vibrate. Most of the time, light bounces off molecules without ...

Introduction High Energy Lasers (HELs) share many similarities with FSO systems, in that both have the purpose of providing light energy to a specific location at distance and operate on much the same ...

Summary A Gaussian beam is an electromagnetic beam, such as light, with a field distribution that conforms to a Gaussian function, similar in shape to a normal distribution. Its fundamental mode, the ...

Summary Rayleigh Rayleigh scattering is the scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles in the Earth's atmosphere that are much smaller than the wavelength of the light. These ...